Macroscopically Observed Findings Designation Score One solid agglutinate 4+ 12 Several large agglutinates 3+ 10 Medium-size agglutinates, clear background 2+ 8 Small agglutinates, turbid background 1+ 5 Very small agglutinates, turbid background 1+w 4 Barely visible agglutination, turbid background w+ or +/– 2 No agglutination 0 0. BookFactory Engineering Notebook/Graph Paper Notebook/Quadrille 4 X 4 Quad Ruled Book - 96 Pages (.25' Lab Grid Format), 8' x 10', Black Cover, Smyth Sewn Hardbound (LIRPE-096-SGR-A-LKT4). A laboratory notebook is an important tool that goes well beyond research management and can have important implications for issues ranging from intellectual property management to the prevention of fraud. This chapter discusses the key elements of a laboratory notebook, types of notebooks, what should be included in the notebook, ownership issues, archiving, and security.
Please ensure you have JavaScript enabled in your browser. If you leave JavaScript disabled, you will only access a portion of the content we are providing. Here's how.Reading scientific literature is a critical part of conceiving of and executing a successful advanced science project. The How to Read a Scientific Paper guide can help you get the most out of each paper you read—first, of course, you have to actually get your hands on the paper! That's where this guide comes in. Below you'll find tips and resources for both searching for and acquiring free copies of scientific papers to read.
When you start your background research, one of the early steps is finding and reading the scientific literature related to your science project (see the Roadmap: How to Get Started On an Advanced Science Project article for more details on project steps). Mentors are a great resource for recommendations about which scientific papers are critical for you to read and you should definitely ask your mentor, or another expert in the field, for advice. But there'll also be times when your mentor is busy or isn't up-to-date on a particular experimental method, in which case, you'll need to be proactive and hunt for papers on your own. It turns out that just plugging search terms into a regular search engine, like Google, Yahoo, or MSN, isn't very effective. The pages you get back will be a wide mixture of websites, and very few will be links to peer-reviewed scientific papers. To find scientific literature, the best thing to use is an academic search engine.
There are many different academic search engines. Some focus on a single discipline, while others have citations from multiple fields. There are a handful of free, publicly available academic search engines that can be accessed online; some of these are listed in Table 1, below. The remainder, like the ISI Web of Science, are subscription-based. Universities and colleges often subscribe to academic search engines. If you can't find what you need using a free search engine, you may be able to access these resources from computers in a university or college library. Consult the school's library webpage, or call the library directly, to find out to which academic search engines they subscribe to and whether or not you'd be allowed into the library to access them.
Table 1: This table provides a list of free, online academic search engines for various science disciplines.
| Academic Search Engine | URL | Disciplines | Help Files |
| Google Scholar | scholar.google.com | All | scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html |
| ScienceDirect | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/search | All | NA |
| Pubmed | www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed | Life sciences | www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/pubmedtutorial |
| IEEE Xplore | ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/guesthome.jsp | Electronics, Electrical engineering, Computer science | NA |
| National Agricultural Library (AGRICOLA) | agricola.nal.usda.gov | Agriculture | agricola.nal.usda.gov/help/quicksearch.html |
| Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) | eric.ed.gov | Education | NA |
Here are a few tips to help you get started with the academic search engines:
Note: The results of academic search engines come in the form of an abstract, which you can read to determine if the paper is relevant to your science project, as well as a full citation (author, journal title, volume, page numbers, year, etc.) so that you can find a physical copy of the paper. Search engines do not necessarily contain the full text of the paper for you to read. A few, like PubMed, do provide links to free online versions of the paper, when one is available. Read on for help finding the full paper.
Once you've found the citation for a paper that is relevant to your advanced science project, the next step is actually getting a copy so that you can read it. As mentioned above, some search engines provide links to free online versions of the paper, if one exists. If the search engine doesn't, or if you got the citation somewhere else, like the bibliography of another science paper you were reading, there are several ways to find copies.
Searching for Newer Papers (published during Internet era)
Table 2: List of databases containing free, full-text scientific papers and data sets.
| Database | URL | Disciplines |
| NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) | www.sti.nasa.gov/STI-public-homepage.html | Aerospace |
| SOA/NASA Astrophysics Data System | adswww.harvard.edu/ | Astronomy, physics |
| arXiv | arxiv.org/ | Physics, Mathematics, Computer science, Quantitative biology, Quantitative finance and statistics |
| CiteSeerX | citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ | Computer science |
| Public Library of Science (PLOS) | https://www.plos.org/ | Life sciences |
| High Wire Press | highwire.stanford.edu/lists/freeart.dtl | Life sciences |
Searching for Older Papers (published pre-Internet era)
Even with all of the above searching methods, you may not be able to find a free copy of the paper online. This is particularly true for older science papers, which were published before online content became routine. In these cases, there are additional ways to get the paper at no or minimal cost.
Paper Roller Coasters - Fun STEM Activity! | Make a Water Strider - STEM Activity | How to Make a Bristlebot |
The GNU Scientific Library (GSL) is a numerical library for C and C++ programmers. It is free software under the GNU General Public License.
The library provides a wide range of mathematical routines such as random number generators, special functions and least-squares fitting. There are over 1000 functions in total with an extensive test suite.
The complete range of subject areas covered by the library includes,
| Complex Numbers | Roots of Polynomials |
| Special Functions | Vectors and Matrices |
| Permutations | Sorting |
| BLAS Support | Linear Algebra |
| Eigensystems | Fast Fourier Transforms |
| Quadrature | Random Numbers |
| Quasi-Random Sequences | Random Distributions |
| Statistics | Histograms |
| N-Tuples | Monte Carlo Integration |
| Simulated Annealing | Differential Equations |
| Interpolation | Numerical Differentiation |
| Chebyshev Approximation | Series Acceleration |
| Discrete Hankel Transforms | Root-Finding |
| Minimization | Least-Squares Fitting |
| Physical Constants | IEEE Floating-Point |
| Discrete Wavelet Transforms | Basis splines |
| Running Statistics | Sparse Matrices and Linear Algebra |
Unlike the licenses of proprietary numerical libraries the license of GSL does not restrict scientific cooperation. It allows you to share your programs freely with others.
The current stable version is GSL-2.6. It was released on 20 August 2019. Details of recent changes can be found in the NEWS file.
GSL can be found in the gsl subdirectory on your nearest GNU mirror http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gsl/.
For other ways to obtain GSL, please read How to get GNU Software
Installation instructions can be found in the included README and INSTALL files.
Precompiled binary packages are included in most GNU/Linux distributions.
A compiled version of GSL is available as part of Cygwin on Windows.
To verify the signature of the GSL tarball, please download both the gsl-X.Y.tar.gz and gsl-X.Y.tar.gz.sig files. The key used to sign the official releases can be found here.
The signature can be verified with the following steps:
GSL includes a reference manual in reStructuredText format. You can view the manual in HTML and PDF, or read it on your system using the shell command info gsl-ref (if the library is installed).
The GSL Reference Manual is available online,
The manual has been published as a printed book (under the GNU Free Documentation License), the latest edition is
GNU Scientific Library Reference Manual - Third Edition (January 2009),
M. Galassi et al, ISBN 0954612078 (paperback) RRP $39.95.
See www.network-theory.co.uk for ordering information.
A Japanese translation is also available online (may not be the most recent version).
A Portuguese translation is also available online.
If you use and value GSL please consider a donation to help us improve the library.
GSL is developed on the following platform,
It has been reported to compile on the following other platforms,
Several people have contributed tools to allow GSL to be easily built on Windows platforms. More information can be found here.
We require that GSL should build on any UNIX-like system with an ANSI C compiler, so if doesn't, that's a bug and we would love a patch! The complete library should also pass 'make check'.
If you have found a bug, please report it to bug-gsl@gnu.org.
Previously submitted bug reports can be found in the bug-gsl mailing list archives and the GSL bug database.
Follow the links to the individual mailing lists below to subscribe or view the list archives:
You can also follow announcements via the Savannah GSL RSS feed.
Here are some of the main benefits of using a free scientific library under the GNU General Public License,
The library uses an object-oriented design. Different algorithms can be plugged-in easily or changed at run-time without recompiling the program.
It is intended for ordinary scientific users. Anyone who knows some C programming will be able to start using the library straight-away.
The interface was designed to be simple to link into very high-level languages, such as GNU Guile or Python
The library is thread-safe.
Where possible the routines have been based on reliable public-domain Fortran packages such as FFTPACK and QUADPACK, which the developers of GSL have reimplemented in C with modern coding conventions.
The library is easy to compile and does not have any dependencies on other packages.
GSL is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).
The reasons why the GNU Project uses the GPL are described in the following articles:
Additional information for researchers is available in the following article:
Some answers to common questions about the license:
If I write an application which uses GSL, am I forced to distribute that application?
No. The license gives you the option to distribute your application if you want to. You do not have to exercise this option in the license.
If I wanted to distribute an application which uses GSL, what license would I need to use?
The GNU General Public License (GPL).
The bottom line for commercial users:
GSL can be used internally ('in-house') without restriction, but only redistributed in other software that is under the GNU GPL. Ip cam monitor free.
If you would like to refer to the GNU Scientific Library in a journal article, the recommended way is to cite the reference manual, e.g. M. Galassi et al, GNU Scientific Library Reference Manual (3rd Ed.), ISBN 0954612078.
If you want to give a url, use 'http://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/'.
GSL requires a BLAS library for vector and matrix operations. The default CBLAS library supplied with GSL can be replaced by the tuned ATLAS library for better performance,
ATLAS is free software and its license is compatible with the GNU GPL.
Other packages that are useful for scientific computing are:
All these packages are free software (GNU GPL/LGPL).
https://torrentmaps.mystrikingly.com/blog/starcraft-remastered-ptr. GSL development is hosted on Savannah.gnu.org at http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/gsl
The repository is available via 'git' with
Note: if you use git, you will need automake, autoconf, libtool, GNU m4, GNU make, and GNU Texinfo (makeinfo).
To begin the build process from a checkout, start with: ./autogen.sh which will prepare the package for compilation. You can then use ./configure --enable-maintainer-mode and make in the usual way.
Commit notifications are available through the git repository news feed.
In addition to the GSL Reference Manual, anyone wanting to work on the library should read the GSL design document,
GSL is a mature library with a stable API. The main emphasis is on ensuring the stability of the existing functions, tidying up and fixing any bugs that are reported, and adding new, useful algorithms which have been well tested and documented. Potential contributors are encouraged to gain familiarity with the library by investigating and fixing known problems in the BUGS database.
The project is always looking to introduce new capabilities and expand or improve existing functionality. To maintain stability, any new functionality is encouraged as packages, built on top of GSL and maintained independently by their authors, as in other free software projects. The design of GSL permits extensions to be used alongside the existing library easily by simple linking. Once a new extension is proven useful and stable, it can be incorporated into the main GSL repository.
Discussions about the development of the library take place on the gsl-discuss@sourceware.org mailing list. Any comments from experts in numerical analysis are welcome. You can subscribe to gsl-discuss here.
GSL is part of the GNU Project and so follows the GNU Coding Standards.
The following third-party packages provide extensions to GSL.
If you want to add a feature to GSL we recommend that you make it an extension first. We will list it here so that people can try it out. Extensions can be incorporated after they have been tested in real use (see 'How to help' for more information).
What is doom 4 rated. Other packages:
Some applications using GSL that we know of:
Wrappers for Other Languages (not necessarily complete):
Textbooks:
A textbook on numerical physics, covering classical mechanics, electrodynamics, optics, statistical physics and quantum mechanics. The example programs in the book use the GNU Scientific Library and are free software (the source code can be downloaded from the Springer site below).
Further information about this book is available from the publisher at springer.com.
The project was conceived in 1996 by Dr M. Galassi and Dr J. Theiler of Los Alamos National Laboratory.
They were joined by other physicists who also felt that the licenses of existing libraries were hindering scientific cooperation.
Most of the library has been written by a relatively small number of people with backgrounds in computational physics in order to provide a consistent and reasonably-designed framework.
Overall development of the library and the design and implementation of the major modules was carried out by Dr G. Jungman and Dr B. Gough. Modules were also written by Dr J. Davies, R. Priedhorsky, Dr M. Booth, Dr F. Rossi, and Dr P. Cdock 1 1 0 download free. Alken, along with many useful contributions from others in the user community. Debian packages for the library are maintained by Dr D. Eddelbuettel.
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